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	<title>Comments on: Activists Breach Security at Kleine Brogel</title>
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		<title>By: Larry Patty</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8852</link>
		<dc:creator>Larry Patty</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 19 Feb 2010 00:35:40 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8852</guid>
		<description>There were no weapons in those aircraft shelters. They only use the shelters for training, now that the cold war is over. If you pull up Bing maps and get the aerial view of the base you will see a small compound about 0.5 miles north of the base. Close in the image and you will notice earth covered bunkers surrounded by double fences with a patrol road between the fences. That&#8217;s where the weapons will be. Another indicator, no U.S. Air Force personnel. U.S. nuclear doctrine has American military personnel in physical custody of nuclear weapons up to the moment they are released for actual use.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>There were no weapons in those aircraft shelters. They only use the shelters for training, now that the cold war is over. If you pull up Bing maps and get the aerial view of the base you will see a small compound about 0.5 miles north of the base. Close in the image and you will notice earth covered bunkers surrounded by double fences with a patrol road between the fences. That&#8217;s where the weapons will be. Another indicator, no U.S. Air Force personnel. U.S. nuclear doctrine has American military personnel in physical custody of nuclear weapons up to the moment they are released for actual use.</p>
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		<title>By: NN</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8851</link>
		<dc:creator>NN</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 06 Feb 2010 15:17:08 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8851</guid>
		<description>Article I

	Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.

	Article II

	Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Article I</p>
<p>	Each nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to transfer to any recipient whatsoever nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; and not in any way to assist, encourage, or induce any non-nuclear weapon State to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, or control over such weapons or explosive devices.</p>
<p>	Article II</p>
<p>	Each non-nuclear-weapon State Party to the Treaty undertakes not to receive the transfer from any transferor whatsoever of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices or of control over such weapons or explosive devices directly, or indirectly; not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices; and not to seek or receive any assistance in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.</p>
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		<title>By: David E. Hoffman</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8850</link>
		<dc:creator>David E. Hoffman</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 16:30:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8850</guid>
		<description>A footnote, Sen. Sam Nunn had a similar experience in 1974 on a visit to a nuclear-weapons depot.

	From &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.thedeadhandbook.com&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;The Dead Hand&lt;/a&gt;:

 In 1974, when he had been in the Senate for only a year, Nunn toured NATO headquarters in Brussels and American military bases in Germany and Italy. If war were to come in Europe, the first battlefield would be divided Germany.
Soviet war plans called for a massive sweep of sixty divisions from East Germany and Czechoslovakia into West Germany, reaching the German-French border within thirteen to fifteen days. They would face NATO’s tactical or battlefield nuclear weapons. American scientists and engineers had created tiny warheads that could fit into small missiles and artillery shells. The firepower of these miniature nukes was an alternative to using massive numbers of troops. The West had deployed seven thousand nuclear weapons in Europe during the period when Nunn visited.
A substantial number of U.S. aircraft and missiles were on five minute alert in case of a crisis.
At a U.S. tactical nuclear weapons base in Germany, where bunkers held warheads and shells, Nunn was shown the relatively small devices, including warheads that could be easily moved by one or two men. Nunn was reassured by the commanders that all the weapons were secure. As he left the building, a sergeant shook hands with him. In his hand, Nunn felt a piece of folded paper. He slipped it into his pocket.
“Senator Nunn,” it said, “please meet me and some of my guard buddies at the barracks around 6 tonight after work. I have very important information for you.”
That night, Nunn and his staff director, Frank Sullivan, went to the
barracks. The sergeant and “three or four of his fellow sergeants related a horror story to me,” Nunn later recalled. “A story of a demoralized military after Vietnam. A story of drug abuse. A story of alcohol abuse. A story of U.S. soldiers actually guarding the tactical nuclear weapons
while they were stoned on drugs. The stories went on and on for over an hour.” Nunn left “thoroughly shaken,” he said.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A footnote, Sen. Sam Nunn had a similar experience in 1974 on a visit to a nuclear-weapons depot.</p>
<p>	From <a href="http://www.thedeadhandbook.com" rel="nofollow">The Dead Hand</a>:</p>
<p> In 1974, when he had been in the Senate for only a year, Nunn toured NATO headquarters in Brussels and American military bases in Germany and Italy. If war were to come in Europe, the first battlefield would be divided Germany.<br />
Soviet war plans called for a massive sweep of sixty divisions from East Germany and Czechoslovakia into West Germany, reaching the German-French border within thirteen to fifteen days. They would face NATO’s tactical or battlefield nuclear weapons. American scientists and engineers had created tiny warheads that could fit into small missiles and artillery shells. The firepower of these miniature nukes was an alternative to using massive numbers of troops. The West had deployed seven thousand nuclear weapons in Europe during the period when Nunn visited.<br />
A substantial number of U.S. aircraft and missiles were on five minute alert in case of a crisis.<br />
At a U.S. tactical nuclear weapons base in Germany, where bunkers held warheads and shells, Nunn was shown the relatively small devices, including warheads that could be easily moved by one or two men. Nunn was reassured by the commanders that all the weapons were secure. As he left the building, a sergeant shook hands with him. In his hand, Nunn felt a piece of folded paper. He slipped it into his pocket.<br />
“Senator Nunn,” it said, “please meet me and some of my guard buddies at the barracks around 6 tonight after work. I have very important information for you.”<br />
That night, Nunn and his staff director, Frank Sullivan, went to the<br />
barracks. The sergeant and “three or four of his fellow sergeants related a horror story to me,” Nunn later recalled. “A story of a demoralized military after Vietnam. A story of drug abuse. A story of alcohol abuse. A story of U.S. soldiers actually guarding the tactical nuclear weapons<br />
while they were stoned on drugs. The stories went on and on for over an hour.” Nunn left “thoroughly shaken,” he said.</p>
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		<title>By: Jochen Schischka</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8849</link>
		<dc:creator>Jochen Schischka</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 16:16:41 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8849</guid>
		<description>Gentlemen, i think you&#8217;re forgetting about french fries (which should be more correctly referred to as &lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;belgian&lt;/em&gt; fries&lt;/strong&gt;) as the main reason for keeping Belgium in NATO, apart from crêpes and Chateaubriand.

	Fun aside, this breach of security at Kleine-Brogel is an absolutely inacceptable incident which, hopefully, will be a long overdue wakeup-call for the belgian military (Watch duty at a military airbase, not to speak of a &lt;em&gt;nuclear storage facility&lt;/em&gt;, by &#8220;professionals&#8221; with &lt;em&gt;unloaded&lt;/em&gt; rifles? Leaving gates open to keep them from freezing shut? &lt;em&gt;Forty&lt;/em&gt; minutes &lt;em&gt;or more&lt;/em&gt; until the intruders were intercepted? Gosh, these dudes really are on the peace-dividend-drug&#8230;on the other hand, this may offer an explanation why Belgium was so easily overrun &lt;em&gt;twice&lt;/em&gt; by german forces in the not too distant past).
Another question is: I always thought there was an additional U.S.A.F. security detachment at those storage facilities, especially in and around the &#8216;special&#8217; shelters themselves &#8211; where were those guys at that time?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Gentlemen, i think you&#8217;re forgetting about french fries (which should be more correctly referred to as <strong><em>belgian</em> fries</strong>) as the main reason for keeping Belgium in NATO, apart from crêpes and Chateaubriand.</p>
<p>	Fun aside, this breach of security at Kleine-Brogel is an absolutely inacceptable incident which, hopefully, will be a long overdue wakeup-call for the belgian military (Watch duty at a military airbase, not to speak of a <em>nuclear storage facility</em>, by &#8220;professionals&#8221; with <em>unloaded</em> rifles? Leaving gates open to keep them from freezing shut? <em>Forty</em> minutes <em>or more</em> until the intruders were intercepted? Gosh, these dudes really are on the peace-dividend-drug&#8230;on the other hand, this may offer an explanation why Belgium was so easily overrun <em>twice</em> by german forces in the not too distant past).<br />
Another question is: I always thought there was an additional U.S.A.F. security detachment at those storage facilities, especially in and around the &#8216;special&#8217; shelters themselves &#8211; where were those guys at that time?</p>
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		<title>By: RAJ47</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8848</link>
		<dc:creator>RAJ47</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 15:59:18 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8848</guid>
		<description>Is this security personnel the same &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.usafe.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/090901-F-3074W-046.jpg&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Capt. Andrew Legault&lt;/a&gt; ?

	Atleast the vehicle is exactly similar.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Is this security personnel the same <a href="http://www.usafe.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/090901-F-3074W-046.jpg" rel="nofollow">Capt. Andrew Legault</a> ?</p>
<p>	Atleast the vehicle is exactly similar.</p>
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		<title>By: Jeffrey Lewis</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8847</link>
		<dc:creator>Jeffrey Lewis</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 14:24:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8847</guid>
		<description>A great set of comments.

	Thanks to Oliver Meier, who has done a better job than anyone to keep abreast of the debate &#8212; such as it is &#8212; within NATO over the B61s.  Any time I write something, I reach for his articles in Arms Control Today.

	KME said what I was thinking &#8212; I didn&#8217;t want to be too alarmist in the post.  His/her wry comment reminds me that &lt;a href=&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;Murphy&lt;/a&gt; is certified to handle nuclear weapons.

	Finally, yes, I believe the nuclear weapons are still there. In January 2008, the Belgian Defense Minister Pieter De Crem &lt;a href=&quot;http://archives.lesoir.be/de-crem-admet-une-capacite-nucleaire-a-kleine-brogel_t-20080123-00EMN3.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;slipped up and admitted it&lt;/a&gt; during a visit to the base.

	Finally, I found this &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1816035,00.html&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;little nugget from 2008&lt;/a&gt;, after the Blue Ribbon report suggested security problems at theE European airbases:

&lt;blockquote&gt;

	A Belgian Defense Ministry spokesman, Commander Olivier Séverin, denied that security was lax at the Kleine Brogel Air Base in northeastern Belgium, where the FAS estimates the U.S. keeps 20 bombs. &#8220;We have professionalized the guards in all our installations,&#8221; he said. &#8220;These are not conscripts but professional soldiers. Not only that, but everyone is trained specifically for security at air bases. The proof is that there have been no major incidents at our installations.&#8221; 

&lt;/blockquote&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A great set of comments.</p>
<p>	Thanks to Oliver Meier, who has done a better job than anyone to keep abreast of the debate &#8212; such as it is &#8212; within NATO over the B61s.  Any time I write something, I reach for his articles in Arms Control Today.</p>
<p>	KME said what I was thinking &#8212; I didn&#8217;t want to be too alarmist in the post.  His/her wry comment reminds me that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law" rel="nofollow">Murphy</a> is certified to handle nuclear weapons.</p>
<p>	Finally, yes, I believe the nuclear weapons are still there. In January 2008, the Belgian Defense Minister Pieter De Crem <a href="http://archives.lesoir.be/de-crem-admet-une-capacite-nucleaire-a-kleine-brogel_t-20080123-00EMN3.html" rel="nofollow">slipped up and admitted it</a> during a visit to the base.</p>
<p>	Finally, I found this <a href="http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1816035,00.html" rel="nofollow">little nugget from 2008</a>, after the Blue Ribbon report suggested security problems at theE European airbases:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>	A Belgian Defense Ministry spokesman, Commander Olivier Séverin, denied that security was lax at the Kleine Brogel Air Base in northeastern Belgium, where the FAS estimates the U.S. keeps 20 bombs. &#8220;We have professionalized the guards in all our installations,&#8221; he said. &#8220;These are not conscripts but professional soldiers. Not only that, but everyone is trained specifically for security at air bases. The proof is that there have been no major incidents at our installations.&#8221; </p>
</blockquote>
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		<title>By: Oliver Meier</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8846</link>
		<dc:creator>Oliver Meier</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 13:22:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8846</guid>
		<description>After this incredible story, the response I got in 2008 from NATO officials to Hans Kristensen’s revelations about security problems at U.S. nuclear weapons bases makes clear that NATO seems either unwilling or unable to deal with this issue. To quote from my September 2008 Arms Control Today article &lt;http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_09/NATO&gt;:

	“NATO officials also condemn the [U.S. Air Force blue ribbon review about security problems at European nuclear weapon bases] for being misleading. ‘If conscripts are used to provide security, so what? These are well-trained soldiers,’ [Guy Roberts, NATO deputy assistant secretary-general for weapons of mass destruction policy and director for nuclear policy] told Arms Control Today. ‘And the necessity to repair a support building is not necessarily a security issue. If there is a hole in a fence, that gets repaired,’ he said. 
European officials also argued that the report was unfair because the Air Force inspectors applied stricter U.S. security standards, applicable to the inner perimeter of the actual nuclear weapons storage area, to the outer perimeter that is guarded by allies. As a result, NATO does not see any need to take additional measures to improve the security at European nuclear weapons bases.”

	In retrospect, this sounds mostly like propaganda. Eighteen months later, there are still gaping holes in security fences and training of host nation guards is obviously insufficient. 

	It is time that Parliamentarians in all host countries start asking some serious questions about security at nuclear weapon sites on their territory, including U.S. bases. After all: Where were the U.S. guards that are supposed to guard the inner perimeter at Kleine Brogel?</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>After this incredible story, the response I got in 2008 from NATO officials to Hans Kristensen’s revelations about security problems at U.S. nuclear weapons bases makes clear that NATO seems either unwilling or unable to deal with this issue. To quote from my September 2008 Arms Control Today article &#060;<a href="http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_09/NATO&#062;" rel="nofollow">http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2008_09/NATO&#062;</a>:</p>
<p>	“NATO officials also condemn the [U.S. Air Force blue ribbon review about security problems at European nuclear weapon bases] for being misleading. ‘If conscripts are used to provide security, so what? These are well-trained soldiers,’ [Guy Roberts, NATO deputy assistant secretary-general for weapons of mass destruction policy and director for nuclear policy] told Arms Control Today. ‘And the necessity to repair a support building is not necessarily a security issue. If there is a hole in a fence, that gets repaired,’ he said.<br />
European officials also argued that the report was unfair because the Air Force inspectors applied stricter U.S. security standards, applicable to the inner perimeter of the actual nuclear weapons storage area, to the outer perimeter that is guarded by allies. As a result, NATO does not see any need to take additional measures to improve the security at European nuclear weapons bases.”</p>
<p>	In retrospect, this sounds mostly like propaganda. Eighteen months later, there are still gaping holes in security fences and training of host nation guards is obviously insufficient. </p>
<p>	It is time that Parliamentarians in all host countries start asking some serious questions about security at nuclear weapon sites on their territory, including U.S. bases. After all: Where were the U.S. guards that are supposed to guard the inner perimeter at Kleine Brogel?</p>
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		<title>By: Ward Wilson</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8845</link>
		<dc:creator>Ward Wilson</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 13:17:54 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8845</guid>
		<description>I guess the moral to the story is that Peace Action Belgium takes its cues from Arms Control Wonk.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I guess the moral to the story is that Peace Action Belgium takes its cues from Arms Control Wonk.</p>
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		<title>By: P</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8844</link>
		<dc:creator>P</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 12:11:15 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8844</guid>
		<description>http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123166154
9/3/2009 &#8211; SPANGDAHLEM AIR BASE, Germany – Capt. Andrew Legault, 701st Munitions Support Squadron security forces commander, receives a Belgian Meritorious Medal from Maj. Gen Claude Van De Voorde, Belgian air force 10th Tactical Wing commander, during the 10th TW change of command ceremony 
Sept. 1. Captain Legault received the medal for outstanding efforts resulting in excellent ratings during the most recent weapons inspection at Kleine Brogel Air Base, Belgium.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123166154" rel="nofollow">http://www.usafe.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123166154</a><br />
9/3/2009 &#8211; SPANGDAHLEM AIR BASE, Germany – Capt. Andrew Legault, 701st Munitions Support Squadron security forces commander, receives a Belgian Meritorious Medal from Maj. Gen Claude Van De Voorde, Belgian air force 10th Tactical Wing commander, during the 10th TW change of command ceremony<br />
Sept. 1. Captain Legault received the medal for outstanding efforts resulting in excellent ratings during the most recent weapons inspection at Kleine Brogel Air Base, Belgium.</p>
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		<title>By: Doc Strangelove</title>
		<link>http://lewis.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/2614/activists-breach-security-at-kleine-brogel#comment-8843</link>
		<dc:creator>Doc Strangelove</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 05 Feb 2010 10:25:29 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://armscontrolwonk.com/?p=2614#comment-8843</guid>
		<description>The best way to secure the b-61s in the vaults would be to remove them.

	As it looks they entered the base from the northwestern perimeter just north of the old F-84 Thunderstreak and proceeded passing the white concrete apron.

	And it&#8217;s not only for the crepes also their Chateaubriand is worth for keeping Belgium in the NATO.</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The best way to secure the b-61s in the vaults would be to remove them.</p>
<p>	As it looks they entered the base from the northwestern perimeter just north of the old F-84 Thunderstreak and proceeded passing the white concrete apron.</p>
<p>	And it&#8217;s not only for the crepes also their Chateaubriand is worth for keeping Belgium in the NATO.</p>
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